Top 5 Functions of a Stock Exchange You Must Know

A stock exchange is a centralised platform where securities such as shares, bonds, and derivatives are bought and sold. It plays a pivotal role in the financial ecosystem by facilitating capital formation, ensuring liquidity, and supporting transparent price discovery. In India, the two major stock exchanges are the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE).

This article explores the five core functions of stock exchange, explaining how it supports the broader economy and maintains market integrity.

1. Facilitating capital formation and mobilisation

One of the principal functions of stock exchange systems is to aid in the mobilisation of capital from investors to businesses. This process involves:

• Listing of companies: Public limited companies raise funds by issuing shares to the public through stock exchanges.
• Access to a wider investor base: Investors across the country and even globally can participate, which broadens the scope of capital availability.
• Capital allocation: Funds flow from individuals and institutions to enterprises that are perceived to have productive business models.

Stock exchanges support industrial and economic expansion by enabling companies to raise long-term funds.

2. Providing liquidity through secondary market trading

A vital function of share market operations is to offer liquidity to securities. This means investors can easily buy or sell their holdings.

• Secondary market: After shares are issued, they are traded among investors on the stock exchange.
• Price discovery: Market-driven pricing ensures fair valuation of securities.
• Ease of exit: Unlike in many private equity arrangements, investors can exit their investments at any time.

This liquidity promotes investor confidence and encourages more participants to enter the capital market.

3. Ensuring investor protection and transparency

Another key function of stock market structures is to protect the interests of investors through strict regulatory oversight.

• Regulations and compliance: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) regulates exchanges like the NSE and BSE. Listed companies must comply with disclosure norms, periodic financial reporting, and corporate governance standards.

• Fair trading practices: Trading on stock exchanges is monitored in real-time to prevent market manipulation or insider trading.

• Standardisation: All transactions are executed in a standardised and secure environment, reducing counterparty risk.

These measures help maintain integrity in the financial system.

4. Offering a barometer for economic performance

Stock exchanges often reflect the overall economic sentiment. One of the more indirect functions of NSE and BSE is to act as an indicator of financial health.

• Index performance: Indices like the Nifty 50 and Sensex provide an overview of how key sectors of the economy are performing.
• Investor sentiment: Trends in trading volume, price movement, and market participation often mirror public confidence in the economy.
• Corporate outlook: Market prices may reflect anticipated future performance based on earnings projections and business announcements.

While not always precise, the performance of stock exchanges can signal broader economic trends.

5. Supporting innovation and diversification

Stock exchanges promote financial innovation and allow market participants to diversify their investments.

• New instruments: Derivatives, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and real estate investment trusts (REITs) have all been introduced through stock exchanges.
• Diversified portfolio creation: Investors can choose from a wide range of instruments across sectors and risk profiles.
• Funding new ventures: Innovative firms in technology and other sectors can raise funds by going public.

These facilities enable better financial planning and risk management for investors and institutions alike.

Additional insights into major Indian stock exchanges

To understand the broader role of stock exchange institutions in India, it is useful to evaluate the Bombay Stock Exchange functions and functions of the National Stock Exchange:

Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)

• Established in 1875, it is Asia’s oldest stock exchange.
• Hosts thousands of listed companies.
• Facilitates trading in equity, debt instruments, derivatives, and mutual funds.
• Ensures compliance through the BSE Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements.

National Stock Exchange (NSE)

• Launched in 1992, it pioneered electronic trading in India.
• Operates indices like Nifty 50 and Nifty Bank.
• Offers a wide range of trading and clearing services.
• Promotes investor education through initiatives like NSE Academy.

Both the BSE functions and functions of NSE collectively uphold the credibility, accessibility, and efficiency of India’s capital markets.

Conclusion

The functions of stock exchange platforms go far beyond simply facilitating securities trade. From enabling capital mobilisation and ensuring liquidity to enforcing transparency and tracking economic performance, these institutions are integral to a country’s financial infrastructure. Understanding the function of stock market mechanisms helps stakeholders make informed decisions and navigate the broader economic landscape with clarity.

Sources

Shiksha
NIFTY Trading Academy
Investopedia
Groww
NSE India
BSE India